A History of Western Philosophy: Ancient Philosophy

Part I. The Pre-Socratics

Chapter 1. The Rise of Greek Civilization

Chapter 2. The Milesian School

Chapter 3. Pythagoras

Pythagoras

Chapter 4. Heraclitus

Heraclitus

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In studying a philosopher, the right attitude is neither reverence nor contempt, but first a kind of hypothetical sympathy, until it is possible to know what it feels like to believe in his theories, and only then a revival of the critical attitude, which should resemble, as far as possible, the state of mind of a person abandoning opinions which he has hitherto held. Contempt interferes with the first part of this process, and reverence with the second. Two things are to be remembered: that a man whose opinions and theories are worth studying may be presumed to have had some intelligence, but that no man is likely to have arrived at complete and final truth on any subject whatever. When an intelligent man expresses a view which seems to us obviously absurd, we should not attempt to prove that it is somehow true, but we should try to understand how it ever came to seem true. This exercise of historical and psychological imagination at once enlarges the scope of our thinking, and helps us to realize how foolish many of our own cherished prejudices will seem to an age which has a different temper of mind.

Chapter 5. Parmenides

Parmenides

Chapter 6. Empedocles

Empedocles

Chapter 7. Athens in Relation to Culture

Chapter 8. Anaxagoras

Anaxagoras

Chapter 9. The Atomists

Chapter 10. Protagoras

Protagoras

Part II. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle

Chapter 11. Socrates

Socrates

Chapter 12. The Influence of Sparta

Chapter 13. The Sources of Plato’s Opinions

Plato

Chapter 14. Plato’s Utopia

Chapter 15. The Theory of Ideas

Chapter 16. Plato’s Theory of Immortality

Chapter 17. Plato’s Cosmogony

Chapter 18. Knowledge and Perception in Plato

Chapter 19. Aristotle’s Metaphysics

Aristotle

Chapter 20. Aristotle’s Ethics

Chapter 21. Aristotle’s Politics

Chapter 22. Aristotle’s Logic

Chapter 23. Aristotle’s Physics

Chapter 24. Early Greek Mathematics and Astronomy

Part III. Ancient Philosophy after Aristotle

Chapter 25. The Hellenistic World

Chapter 26. Cynics and Sceptics

Chapter 27. The Epicureans

Chapter 28. Stoicism

Chapter 29. The Roman Empire in Relation to Culture

Chapter 30. Plotinus

Plotinus